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SEED & BREAD
Number 8
WHAT DOES soterion MEAN?
The word soterion is the Greek word that is translated "salvation" in
Acts 28:28. It is of the utmost importance since it is the subject of
the sentence that makes up this passage. If we do not know for sure what
it means then we can never be certain as to what Paul was saying in this
important announcement. If we do not arrive at a faithful translation of
this word, we will be guilty of changing the subject and have Paul
saying something that he is not. This word does not mean "salvation", as
it is translated in the KJV and most other versions. If Paul had been
speaking of salvation here he would have used the noun soteria, not the
adjective soterion.
The noun soteria is found forty-five times is the New Testament and is
translated "salvation" in forty of these occurrences. The adjective
soterion is found five times as shown in the following concordance:
* Luke 2:30 -- For mine eyes have seen thy salvation
* Luke 3:6 -- all flesh shall see the salvation of God
* Acts 28:28 -- the salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles
* Eph. 6:17 -- And take the helmet of salvation
* Tit. 2:11 -- the grace of God that bringeth salvation
From this list it will be seen that the translators have treated this
divinely-inspired adjective as if it were a noun when it is not. This is
not a grammatically correct translation, and it robs the reader of the
exact truth that the Spirit of God intend ed to convey by the use of
this adjective.
There is no doubt but that this word literally means saving, even as we
would use it in speaking of "saving grace" or "the saving work of
Christ", and it is also clear that in four of the five occurrences in
the New Testament it is substantivised; that is, it is used as if it
were a noun. Nevertheless, the fact remains that it is an adjective, and
there is one fixed rule about adjectives that cannot be altered; they
never stand alone. If they seem to stand alone, as they do in the five
passages cited above, then the noun which they qualify must be found in
the context. More on this later, but first of all we must define this
word more accurately. There is no question but that it has a technical
meaning and is so used in the New Testament.
The King James Version came very near to the true meaning of this word
in Titus 2:11 where it was translated by using three words "that
bringeth salvation," for the technical meaning of soterion is
salvation-bringing. The lexicons are practically unanimous in regard to
this:
* Abbott-Smith: "saving, bringing salvation."
* Cremer: "saving, bringing salvation."
* Lidell and Scott: "savings, delivering, bringing safety."
* Thayer: "saving, bringing salvation."
* Bullinger: "saving, delivering, bringing salvation."
* Arndt and Gingrich: "saving, bringing salvation."
* W. E. Vine: "saving, bringing salvation."
Moulton and Millegan say that in the papyrus this word is used in the
neuter as a substantive with reference to what produces soteria, e.g., a
sacrifice or a gift.
As stated before, this word is an adjective and no adjective ever stands
alone in a sentence. In fact this is so true that one meaning of the
word adjective is "something that cannot stand alone." In any sentence
where it seems to stand alone we must always seek for that which it
modifies. In such statements as, "It is beautiful," or "This is good,"
we have adjectives which appear to stand alone, yet these words say
nothing about anything until we find something in the physical context
that supplies the subject. If we are gazing at a sunset or eating a meal
when these words are spoken they become full of meaning at once.
Adjectives can be used as substantives only when the idea that is being
qualified or modified is clear from the context, either written or
apparent. Even a sentence like, "The young are impatient," if spoken
without context would quickly bring the terse question, "Young what?"
With these facts before us we can now take up the examination of the
five passages in which this adjective is found, keeping in mind that it
means salvation-bringing.
If this definition is followed out it would mean that Luke 2:30 would
read, "For mine eyes have seen thy salvation-bringing." This is
evidently not a complete statement and yet it is exactly what Simeon
said, as literally as it can be translated. And it is bound to cause the
question to be asked, "Salvation-bringing what?" However, this is good,
for the question sends us at once to the context to find out what it is
that is described as "salvation-bringing."
Moffitt recognises the adjective here and renders it "thy saving power,"
as does also Lenski, translating it "thy saving gift." Both of these are
linguistically wrong as there is nothing about "power" or "gift" in the
context.
Simeon, the one who spoke these words, was an aged man who had been told
that he should not see death before he had seen the Messiah, that is,
Jehovah (Luke 2:26). When this man, led by the Spirit of God, came into
the temple and saw the infant Jesus he declared to God, the One who
before had spoken to him, "Lord now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in
peace, according to Thy word, for mine eyes have seen Thy
salvation-bringing." This is literally what he said, and the context
leaves no doubt about the noun that should be supplied. Simeon had seen
God's salvation-bringing Messiah (Christ), the world's long awaited
Saviour . He had seen what God had told him he would see -- not power,
not a gift, but the Christ.
In the second occurrence of soterion (Luke 3:6) the noun that needs to
be supplied is not so readily apparent, yet there can be no mistake as
to the intent of the Spirit in this place. Literally this passage would
read, "And all flesh shall see the salvation-bringing of God." This is
grammatically correct, and it is true to the Greek. Yet some will again
respectfully inquire: "Salvation-bringing what?" and again the answer
must be found in the context. This makes it plain that this statement is
in complete harmony with something written in the prophecy of Isaiah,
where it says "And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all
flesh shall see it together" (Isa. 40:5). In view of this the noun to be
supplied is glory, making the passage under consideration to read, "And
all flesh shall see the salvation-bringing glory of God." The reference
here is to world salvation.
The occurrence in Eph. 6:17 belongs to a portion on which so many
sermons have been preached that few are now able to distinguish between
these and the actual message of God. If this is translated literally it
would read, "And receive the helmet of the salvation-bringing, even the
sword of the Spirit, which is a declaration of God." Here again we must
seek an honest answer to the question, "Salvation-bringing what?"
In this passage "the helmet" equals "the salvation-bringing" for they
are appositional -- one defines the other. And then by a further
apposition these are defined as "the sword of the Spirit" which in turn
is described as being "a declaration from God." In view of this we
should read here, "And take the helmet of the salvation-bringing
declaration (the gospel)." And let it not be thought strange that the
salvation-bringing declaration of God is both the believer's helmet and
the Spirit's sword. There is no mixing of metaphors here, but two
distinct metaphors setting forth two separate uses of the same thing. It
is my firm opinion that the salvation-bringing declaration of God is the
gospel according to John, the only book in the Bible that was written so
that men might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and
believing have life through His name (John 20:31). The one who is not
securely grounded upon this message will not be able to stand against
the wiles of the devil. We need this helmet.
In Titus 2:11 we do not need to search for the noun which the adjective
qualifies as it is in the passage. This passage should read, "For the
salvation-bringing grace of God has shone forth in behalf of all
humanity."
We will now consider the occurrence in the main passage under
consideration, Acts 28:28. If this is translated literally it will read,
"Let it then be known to you that the salvation-bringing of God has been
authorised (made freely available) to the nations and they will hear
it." But again we must ask, "Salvation-bringing what?"
In the context this "salvation-bringing of God" is something that the
nations will hear; therefore, it is a divine communication. Thus we
should read here, "the salvation-bringing message of God." Some may
prefer some other term such as word, utterance, declaration or gospel,
and there can be no objection to these since they all describe a
communication that is intended to be heard. They are somewhat synonymous
terms and they can be used for emphasis and variety. Thus it is that we
have the subject of Paul's great declaration in Acts 28:28. He is
talking about the salvation-bringing message of God.
The words "has been authorised" declare an accomplished fact, the effect
of which continues, so the tense here is the second aorist. The words
"they will hear it" declare a future result so the tense is future.
The great change that took place at Acts 28:28 is declared in the words
"has been authorised to the nations." It is quite evident from Acts
10:36 and Acts 13:26 that the salvation-bringing message of God was
authorised and made freely available to the nation of Israel from the
day of Pentecost. At Acts 10 Peter was authorised to proclaim it to one
Gentile household, but his commission did not go beyond this. The
Apostle Paul was authorised to proclaim it to Gentiles, but it was
severely restricted. It had to be to the Jew first in every place that
he visited. Thus that which had been freely available only to Israel
became freely available to all other nations at Acts 28:28.
In the words "they will hear it" we have a pledge and guarantee from God
made by His agent and spokesman, Paul. These words actually mean that it
will get through to the nations for their benefit. God made good on this
pledge when He caused the Gospel of John to be written. The
salvation-bringing message is no longer in the hands of men. It is
written and it stands written.
INDEX
Issue no. 8
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